A Hard Day’s Night (1964)

A Hard Day's Night poster
Theatrical Performance
Domestic Box Office $1,537,860Details
International Box Office $117,446Details
Worldwide Box Office $1,655,306
Home Market Performance
Est. Domestic Blu-ray Sales $1,296,342 Details
Total Est. Domestic Video Sales $1,296,342
OpusData ID: 33860100
Further financial details...

Synopsis

Meet the Beatles! Just one month after they exploded onto the U.S. scene with their Ed Sullivan Show appearance, John, Paul, George, and Ringo began working on a project that would bring their revolutionary talent to the big screen. A Hard Day’s Night, in which the bandmates play wily, exuberant versions of themselves, captured the astonishing moment when they officially became the singular, irreverent idols of their generation and changed music forever.

Metrics

Legs:6.97 (domestic box office/biggest weekend)
Domestic Share:92.9% (domestic box office/worldwide)
Production Budget:$560,000 (worldwide box office is 3.0 times production budget)

Latest Ranking on Cumulative Box Office Lists

RecordRankAmount
All Time Domestic Box Office (Rank 8,601-8,700) 8,645 $1,537,860
All Time International Box Office (Rank 19,301-19,400) 19,316 $117,446
All Time Worldwide Box Office (Rank 14,501-14,600) 14,543 $1,655,306
All Time Domestic Box Office for Comedy Movies (Rank 1,601-1,700) 1,684 $1,537,860
All Time International Box Office for Comedy Movies (Rank 3,501-3,600) 3,520 $117,446
All Time Worldwide Box Office for Comedy Movies (Rank 2,901-3,000) 2,972 $1,655,306

See the Box Office tab (Domestic) and International tab (International and Worldwide) for more Cumulative Box Office Records.


Movie Details

Domestic Releases: August 11th, 1964 (Wide) by Universal, released as A Hard Day's Night
February 5th, 1982 (Limited) by Universal, released as A Hard Day's Night
July 4th, 2014 (Limited) by Janus Films, released as A Hard Day's Night
International Releases: July 5th, 2001 (Limited), released as A Hard Day's Night (New Zealand)
May 5th, 2016 (Wide), released as A Hard Day's Night (South Korea)
March 3rd, 2017 (Wide), released as A Hard Day's Night (Argentina)
March 25th, 2022 (Wide), released as A Hard Day's Night (Re: 2022) (United Kingdom)
April 25th, 2024 (Limited), released as A Hard Day's Night (New Zealand)
... Show all releases
Video Release: June 24th, 2014 by Criterion, released as A Hard Day's Night
MPAA Rating: G
Running Time: 87 minutes
Comparisons: vs. The Hoax
Create your own comparison chart…
Keywords: Rock 'n' Roll, 1960s
Source:Original Screenplay
Genre:Comedy
Production Method:Live Action
Creative Type:Contemporary Fiction
Production/Financing Companies: Janus Films
Production Countries: United States
Languages: English

Domestic Cumulative Box Office Records

RecordRankRevenue
All Time Domestic Box Office (Rank 8,601-8,700) 8,645 $1,537,860
All Time Domestic Non-Sequel Box Office (Rank 7,701-7,800) 7,726 $1,537,860
All Time Domestic Box Office for Original Screenplay Movies (Rank 4,601-4,700) 4,697 $1,537,860
All Time Domestic Box Office for Live Action Movies (Rank 7,701-7,800) 7,794 $1,537,860
All Time Domestic Box Office for Contemporary Fiction Movies (Rank 4,601-4,700) 4,606 $1,537,860
All Time Domestic Box Office for Comedy Movies (Rank 1,601-1,700) 1,684 $1,537,860
All Time Domestic Box Office for G Movies (Rank 301-400) 304 $1,537,860
All Time Domestic Box Office for Universal Movies (Rank 701-800) 776 $1,537,860

Weekend Box Office Performance

DateRankGross% ChangeTheatersPer TheaterTotal GrossWeek
Feb 5, 1982 19 $56,805   22 $2,582   $56,805 913
Dec 1, 2000 43 $50,445   2 $25,223   $107,250 1,895
Dec 8, 2000 29 $95,493 +89% 12 $7,958   $178,161 1,896
Dec 15, 2000 32 $60,992 -36% 18 $3,388   $277,430 1,897
Dec 22, 2000 28 $115,386 +89% 62 $1,861   $426,241 1,898
Dec 29, 2000 38 $92,798 -20% 56 $1,657   $650,450 1,899
Jan 5, 2001 39 $85,006 -8% 63 $1,349   $775,986 1,900
Jan 12, 2001 47 $51,670 -39% 31 $1,667   $860,887 1,901
Jan 19, 2001 48 $47,047 -9% 45 $1,045   $919,921 1,902
Jan 26, 2001 54 $31,150 -34% 41 $760   $965,351 1,903
Feb 2, 2001 63 $23,051 -26% 27 $854   $1,000,549 1,904
Jul 4, 2014 26 $220,542   102 $2,162   $1,221,091 2,604
Jul 11, 2014 39 $65,488 -70% 56 $1,169   $1,428,055 2,605
Jul 18, 2014 45 $34,498 -47% 28 $1,232   $1,515,553 2,606

Daily Box Office Performance

DateRankGross%YD%LWTheatersPer TheaterTotal GrossDays
Jan 15, 2001 44 $9,090     31 $293   $860,887 13,307

Weekly Box Office Performance

DateRankGross% ChangeTheatersPer TheaterTotal GrossWeek
Dec 1, 2000 37 $82,668   2 $41,334   $139,473 1,896
Dec 8, 2000 29 $133,770 +62% 12 $11,148   $273,243 1,897
Dec 15, 2000 29 $94,417 -29% 18 $5,245   $367,660 1,898
Dec 22, 2000 31 $246,797 +161% 62 $3,981   $614,457 1,899
Dec 29, 2000 39 $133,328 -46% 56 $2,381   $747,785 1,900
Jan 5, 2001 42 $118,237 -11% 63 $1,877   $866,022 1,901
Jan 12, 2001 46 $63,657 -46% 31 $2,053   $929,679 1,902
Jan 19, 2001 48 $61,327 -4% 45 $1,363   $991,006 1,903
Jan 26, 2001 56 $43,297 -29% 41 $1,056   $1,034,303 1,904
Jul 4, 2014 25 $362,018   136 $2,662   $1,419,372 2,605
Jul 11, 2014 37 $118,488 -67% 62 $1,911   $1,537,860 2,606

Box Office Summary Per Territory

Territory Release
Date		 Opening
Weekend		 Opening
Weekend
Screens		 Maximum
Screens		 Theatrical
Engagements		 Total
Box Office		 Report
Date
Argentina 3/3/2017 $16,510 0 0 0 $29,551 1/1/2019
New Zealand 7/5/2001 $0 0 1 1 $430 4/29/2024
South Korea 5/5/2016 $18,869 38 38 68 $59,373 12/28/2016
Spain 11/29/2024 $5,466 1 1 1 $5,869 12/5/2024
United Kingdom 3/25/2022 $0 0 1 1 $22,223 10/16/2025
 
International Total$117,446 10/16/2025

International Cumulative Box Office Records

RecordRankRevenue
All Time International Box Office (Rank 19,301-19,400) 19,316 $117,446
All Time International Non-Sequel Box Office (Rank 17,801-17,900) 17,886 $117,446
All Time International Box Office for Original Screenplay Movies (Rank 11,501-11,600) 11,558 $117,446
All Time International Box Office for Live Action Movies (Rank 16,401-16,500) 16,431 $117,446
All Time International Box Office for Contemporary Fiction Movies (Rank 10,201-10,300) 10,297 $117,446
All Time International Box Office for Comedy Movies (Rank 3,501-3,600) 3,520 $117,446
All Time International Box Office for G Movies (Rank 101-200) 195 $117,446
All Time International Box Office for Universal Movies (Rank 401-500) 479 $117,446

Worldwide Cumulative Box Office Records

RecordRankRevenue
All Time Worldwide Box Office (Rank 14,501-14,600) 14,543 $1,655,306
All Time Worldwide Non-Sequel Box Office (Rank 13,101-13,200) 13,168 $1,655,306
All Time Worldwide Box Office for Original Screenplay Movies (Rank 8,301-8,400) 8,315 $1,655,306
All Time Worldwide Box Office for Live Action Movies (Rank 12,501-12,600) 12,572 $1,655,306
All Time Worldwide Box Office for Contemporary Fiction Movies (Rank 7,801-7,900) 7,851 $1,655,306
All Time Worldwide Box Office for Comedy Movies (Rank 2,901-3,000) 2,972 $1,655,306
All Time Worldwide Box Office for G Movies (Rank 301-400) 330 $1,655,306
All Time Worldwide Box Office for Universal Movies (Rank 701-800) 781 $1,655,306

Weekly US Blu-ray Sales

DateRankUnits
this
Week		% ChangeTotal
Units		Spending
this
Week		Total
Spending		Weeks
in
Release
Jun 29, 2014159,090 9,090$228,424$228,4241

Our DVD and Blu-ray sales estimates are based on weekly retail surveys, which we use to build a weekly market share estimate for each title we are tracking. The market share is converted into a weekly sales estimate based on industry reports on the overall size of the market, including reports published in Media Play News.

For example, if our weekly retail survey estimates that a particular title sold 1% of all units that week, and the industry reports sales of 1,500,000 units in total, we will estimate 15,000 units were sold of that title. The consumer spending estimate is based on the average sales price for the title in the retailers we survey.

We refine our estimates from week to week as more data becomes available. In particular, we adjust weekly sales figures for the quarter once the total market estimates are published by the Digital Entertainment Group. Figures will therefore fluctuate each week, and totals for individual titles can go up or down as we update our estimates.

Because sales figures are estimated based on sampling, they will be more accurate for higher-selling titles.

Leading Cast

John Lennon    John
Paul McCartney    Paul
George Harrison    George
Ringo Starr    Ringo

Supporting Cast

Wilfrid Brambell    Grandfather
Norman Rossington    Norm
John Junkin    Shake
Victor Spinetti    TV Director
Richard Vernon    Man on Train
Anna Quayle    Millie
Alison Seebohm    Secretary
Kenneth Haigh    Simon Marshall
Julian Holloway    Adrian
Robin Ray    TV Floor Manager
Lionel Blair    Choreographer
David Janson    Charley
Bob Godfrey    Bearded Man in Pub
John Bluthal    Car Thief
Eddie Malin    Hotel Waiter
Deryck Guyler    Police Sergeant
Michael Trubshawe    Club Manager
Pattie Boyd    Blonde Schoolgirl on Train
Prudence Bury    Brunette Schoolgirl on Train

For a description of the different acting role types we use to categorize acting perfomances, see our Glossary.

Production and Technical Credits

Richard Lester    Director
Alun Owen    Screenwriter
Walter Shenson    Producer
John Jympson    Editor
John Lennon    Composer
Paul McCartney    Composer
Taylor Gilbert    Director of Photography
Denis O'Dell    Associate Producer
John D. Merriman    Assistant Director
Ray Simm    Art Director

The bold credits above the line are the "above-the-line" credits, the other the "below-the-line" credits.

Per Theater Chart: Blacking Out

July 8th, 2014

Code Black poster

There were no films in the $10,000 club on the per theater chart this weekend. The film that came the closest was Transformers: Age of Extinction, which earned an average of $8,753 in more than 4,000 theaters. The best limited release was Code Black, which earned $7,978 in one theater. The best new release was Tammy with an average of $6,227 in more than 3,000 theaters. Finally, the best new limited release was Life Itself, which managed an average of $5,713 in 23 theaters. More...

Limited Releases: The Good Life

July 4th, 2014

Life Itself poster

It is a busy week with several releases spread over three days. Unfortunately, most movies opening this week are earning weak reviews and many of them have almost no reviews on Rotten Tomatoes. The lack of buzz and the weak critical response will likely prove fatal. Fortunately, there is an exception as Life Itself is earning amazing reviews. A Hard Day's Night is also worth checking out, as it is getting a 50th anniversary. More...

DVD and Blu-ray Releases for June 24th, 2014

June 23rd, 2014

There's very little on the home market that stands out. 300: Rise of an Empire is the biggest movie coming out this week, but it is far from the best new release. Unfortunately, there are not a lot of new releases in competition for Pick of the Week. The A Hard Day's Night Criterion Collection Blu-ray is absolutely worth picking up, but there are no new extras for the Blu-ray, so that is a strike against it. Masters of Sex: Season One earned great reviews, but the extras on the DVD or the Blu-ray are only good. Star Trek: The Next Generation: Season Six is loaded, but its price is just too high. In the end, I rolled a dice and Star Trek: The Next Generation came out on top, but it really is a close race. More...


  1. Summary
  2. News
  3. Box Office
  4. International
  5. Video Sales
  6. Cast & Crew
  7. Trailer

Synopsis

Meet the Beatles! Just one month after they exploded onto the U.S. scene with their Ed Sullivan Show appearance, John, Paul, George, and Ringo began working on a project that would bring their revolutionary talent to the big screen. A Hard Day’s Night, in which the bandmates play wily, exuberant versions of themselves, captured the astonishing moment when they officially became the singular, irreverent idols of their generation and changed music forever.

Metrics

Legs:6.97 (domestic box office/biggest weekend)
Domestic Share:92.9% (domestic box office/worldwide)
Production Budget:$560,000 (worldwide box office is 3.0 times production budget)

Latest Ranking on Cumulative Box Office Lists

RecordRankAmount
All Time Domestic Box Office (Rank 8,601-8,700) 8,645 $1,537,860
All Time International Box Office (Rank 19,301-19,400) 19,316 $117,446
All Time Worldwide Box Office (Rank 14,501-14,600) 14,543 $1,655,306
All Time Domestic Box Office for Comedy Movies (Rank 1,601-1,700) 1,684 $1,537,860
All Time International Box Office for Comedy Movies (Rank 3,501-3,600) 3,520 $117,446
All Time Worldwide Box Office for Comedy Movies (Rank 2,901-3,000) 2,972 $1,655,306

See the Box Office tab (Domestic) and International tab (International and Worldwide) for more Cumulative Box Office Records.


Movie Details

Domestic Releases: August 11th, 1964 (Wide) by Universal, released as A Hard Day's Night
February 5th, 1982 (Limited) by Universal, released as A Hard Day's Night
July 4th, 2014 (Limited) by Janus Films, released as A Hard Day's Night
International Releases: July 5th, 2001 (Limited), released as A Hard Day's Night (New Zealand)
May 5th, 2016 (Wide), released as A Hard Day's Night (South Korea)
March 3rd, 2017 (Wide), released as A Hard Day's Night (Argentina)
March 25th, 2022 (Wide), released as A Hard Day's Night (Re: 2022) (United Kingdom)
April 25th, 2024 (Limited), released as A Hard Day's Night (New Zealand)
... Show all releases
Video Release: June 24th, 2014 by Criterion, released as A Hard Day's Night
MPAA Rating: G
Running Time: 87 minutes
Comparisons: vs. The Hoax
Create your own comparison chart…
Keywords: Rock 'n' Roll, 1960s
Source:Original Screenplay
Genre:Comedy
Production Method:Live Action
Creative Type:Contemporary Fiction
Production/Financing Companies: Janus Films
Production Countries: United States
Languages: English

Leading Cast

John Lennon    John
Paul McCartney    Paul
George Harrison    George
Ringo Starr    Ringo

Supporting Cast

Wilfrid Brambell    Grandfather
Norman Rossington    Norm
John Junkin    Shake
Victor Spinetti    TV Director
Richard Vernon    Man on Train
Anna Quayle    Millie
Alison Seebohm    Secretary
Kenneth Haigh    Simon Marshall
Julian Holloway    Adrian
Robin Ray    TV Floor Manager
Lionel Blair    Choreographer
David Janson    Charley
Bob Godfrey    Bearded Man in Pub
John Bluthal    Car Thief
Eddie Malin    Hotel Waiter
Deryck Guyler    Police Sergeant
Michael Trubshawe    Club Manager
Pattie Boyd    Blonde Schoolgirl on Train
Prudence Bury    Brunette Schoolgirl on Train

For a description of the different acting role types we use to categorize acting perfomances, see our Glossary.

Production and Technical Credits

Richard Lester    Director
Alun Owen    Screenwriter
Walter Shenson    Producer
John Jympson    Editor
John Lennon    Composer
Paul McCartney    Composer
Taylor Gilbert    Director of Photography
Denis O'Dell    Associate Producer
John D. Merriman    Assistant Director
Ray Simm    Art Director

The bold credits above the line are the "above-the-line" credits, the other the "below-the-line" credits.

Per Theater Chart: Blacking Out

July 8th, 2014

Code Black poster

There were no films in the $10,000 club on the per theater chart this weekend. The film that came the closest was Transformers: Age of Extinction, which earned an average of $8,753 in more than 4,000 theaters. The best limited release was Code Black, which earned $7,978 in one theater. The best new release was Tammy with an average of $6,227 in more than 3,000 theaters. Finally, the best new limited release was Life Itself, which managed an average of $5,713 in 23 theaters. More...

Limited Releases: The Good Life

July 4th, 2014

Life Itself poster

It is a busy week with several releases spread over three days. Unfortunately, most movies opening this week are earning weak reviews and many of them have almost no reviews on Rotten Tomatoes. The lack of buzz and the weak critical response will likely prove fatal. Fortunately, there is an exception as Life Itself is earning amazing reviews. A Hard Day's Night is also worth checking out, as it is getting a 50th anniversary. More...

DVD and Blu-ray Releases for June 24th, 2014

June 23rd, 2014

There's very little on the home market that stands out. 300: Rise of an Empire is the biggest movie coming out this week, but it is far from the best new release. Unfortunately, there are not a lot of new releases in competition for Pick of the Week. The A Hard Day's Night Criterion Collection Blu-ray is absolutely worth picking up, but there are no new extras for the Blu-ray, so that is a strike against it. Masters of Sex: Season One earned great reviews, but the extras on the DVD or the Blu-ray are only good. Star Trek: The Next Generation: Season Six is loaded, but its price is just too high. In the end, I rolled a dice and Star Trek: The Next Generation came out on top, but it really is a close race. More...

Domestic Cumulative Box Office Records

RecordRankRevenue
All Time Domestic Box Office (Rank 8,601-8,700) 8,645 $1,537,860
All Time Domestic Non-Sequel Box Office (Rank 7,701-7,800) 7,726 $1,537,860
All Time Domestic Box Office for Original Screenplay Movies (Rank 4,601-4,700) 4,697 $1,537,860
All Time Domestic Box Office for Live Action Movies (Rank 7,701-7,800) 7,794 $1,537,860
All Time Domestic Box Office for Contemporary Fiction Movies (Rank 4,601-4,700) 4,606 $1,537,860
All Time Domestic Box Office for Comedy Movies (Rank 1,601-1,700) 1,684 $1,537,860
All Time Domestic Box Office for G Movies (Rank 301-400) 304 $1,537,860
All Time Domestic Box Office for Universal Movies (Rank 701-800) 776 $1,537,860

Weekend Box Office Performance

DateRankGross% ChangeTheatersPer TheaterTotal GrossWeek
Feb 5, 1982 19 $56,805   22 $2,582   $56,805 913
Dec 1, 2000 43 $50,445   2 $25,223   $107,250 1,895
Dec 8, 2000 29 $95,493 +89% 12 $7,958   $178,161 1,896
Dec 15, 2000 32 $60,992 -36% 18 $3,388   $277,430 1,897
Dec 22, 2000 28 $115,386 +89% 62 $1,861   $426,241 1,898
Dec 29, 2000 38 $92,798 -20% 56 $1,657   $650,450 1,899
Jan 5, 2001 39 $85,006 -8% 63 $1,349   $775,986 1,900
Jan 12, 2001 47 $51,670 -39% 31 $1,667   $860,887 1,901
Jan 19, 2001 48 $47,047 -9% 45 $1,045   $919,921 1,902
Jan 26, 2001 54 $31,150 -34% 41 $760   $965,351 1,903
Feb 2, 2001 63 $23,051 -26% 27 $854   $1,000,549 1,904
Jul 4, 2014 26 $220,542   102 $2,162   $1,221,091 2,604
Jul 11, 2014 39 $65,488 -70% 56 $1,169   $1,428,055 2,605
Jul 18, 2014 45 $34,498 -47% 28 $1,232   $1,515,553 2,606

Daily Box Office Performance

DateRankGross%YD%LWTheatersPer TheaterTotal GrossDays
Jan 15, 2001 44 $9,090     31 $293   $860,887 13,307

Weekly Box Office Performance

DateRankGross% ChangeTheatersPer TheaterTotal GrossWeek
Dec 1, 2000 37 $82,668   2 $41,334   $139,473 1,896
Dec 8, 2000 29 $133,770 +62% 12 $11,148   $273,243 1,897
Dec 15, 2000 29 $94,417 -29% 18 $5,245   $367,660 1,898
Dec 22, 2000 31 $246,797 +161% 62 $3,981   $614,457 1,899
Dec 29, 2000 39 $133,328 -46% 56 $2,381   $747,785 1,900
Jan 5, 2001 42 $118,237 -11% 63 $1,877   $866,022 1,901
Jan 12, 2001 46 $63,657 -46% 31 $2,053   $929,679 1,902
Jan 19, 2001 48 $61,327 -4% 45 $1,363   $991,006 1,903
Jan 26, 2001 56 $43,297 -29% 41 $1,056   $1,034,303 1,904
Jul 4, 2014 25 $362,018   136 $2,662   $1,419,372 2,605
Jul 11, 2014 37 $118,488 -67% 62 $1,911   $1,537,860 2,606

Box Office Summary Per Territory

Territory Release
Date		 Opening
Weekend		 Opening
Weekend
Screens		 Maximum
Screens		 Theatrical
Engagements		 Total
Box Office		 Report
Date
Argentina 3/3/2017 $16,510 0 0 0 $29,551 1/1/2019
New Zealand 7/5/2001 $0 0 1 1 $430 4/29/2024
South Korea 5/5/2016 $18,869 38 38 68 $59,373 12/28/2016
Spain 11/29/2024 $5,466 1 1 1 $5,869 12/5/2024
United Kingdom 3/25/2022 $0 0 1 1 $22,223 10/16/2025
 
International Total$117,446 10/16/2025

International Cumulative Box Office Records

RecordRankRevenue
All Time International Box Office (Rank 19,301-19,400) 19,316 $117,446
All Time International Non-Sequel Box Office (Rank 17,801-17,900) 17,886 $117,446
All Time International Box Office for Original Screenplay Movies (Rank 11,501-11,600) 11,558 $117,446
All Time International Box Office for Live Action Movies (Rank 16,401-16,500) 16,431 $117,446
All Time International Box Office for Contemporary Fiction Movies (Rank 10,201-10,300) 10,297 $117,446
All Time International Box Office for Comedy Movies (Rank 3,501-3,600) 3,520 $117,446
All Time International Box Office for G Movies (Rank 101-200) 195 $117,446
All Time International Box Office for Universal Movies (Rank 401-500) 479 $117,446

Worldwide Cumulative Box Office Records

RecordRankRevenue
All Time Worldwide Box Office (Rank 14,501-14,600) 14,543 $1,655,306
All Time Worldwide Non-Sequel Box Office (Rank 13,101-13,200) 13,168 $1,655,306
All Time Worldwide Box Office for Original Screenplay Movies (Rank 8,301-8,400) 8,315 $1,655,306
All Time Worldwide Box Office for Live Action Movies (Rank 12,501-12,600) 12,572 $1,655,306
All Time Worldwide Box Office for Contemporary Fiction Movies (Rank 7,801-7,900) 7,851 $1,655,306
All Time Worldwide Box Office for Comedy Movies (Rank 2,901-3,000) 2,972 $1,655,306
All Time Worldwide Box Office for G Movies (Rank 301-400) 330 $1,655,306
All Time Worldwide Box Office for Universal Movies (Rank 701-800) 781 $1,655,306

Weekly US Blu-ray Sales

DateRankUnits
this
Week		% ChangeTotal
Units		Spending
this
Week		Total
Spending		Weeks
in
Release
Jun 29, 2014159,090 9,090$228,424$228,4241

Our DVD and Blu-ray sales estimates are based on weekly retail surveys, which we use to build a weekly market share estimate for each title we are tracking. The market share is converted into a weekly sales estimate based on industry reports on the overall size of the market, including reports published in Media Play News.

For example, if our weekly retail survey estimates that a particular title sold 1% of all units that week, and the industry reports sales of 1,500,000 units in total, we will estimate 15,000 units were sold of that title. The consumer spending estimate is based on the average sales price for the title in the retailers we survey.

We refine our estimates from week to week as more data becomes available. In particular, we adjust weekly sales figures for the quarter once the total market estimates are published by the Digital Entertainment Group. Figures will therefore fluctuate each week, and totals for individual titles can go up or down as we update our estimates.

Because sales figures are estimated based on sampling, they will be more accurate for higher-selling titles.